What are the main functions of a substation?

The main functions of a substation primarily include changing voltage levels and controlling power flow within the electrical grid. Substations serve as critical nodes in power distribution systems, as they transform high-voltage electricity from transmission lines to lower voltage levels that can be safely delivered to consumers. This process involves step-up and step-down transformers that adjust voltage levels to meet the required specifications for various transmission and distribution lines.

Moreover, substations effectively manage the flow of electricity by enabling operators to direct energy where it is needed most, thereby balancing loads across the grid. This control is vital for maintaining the stability and reliability of the power supply, ensuring that demand can be met without overloading the system or causing outages. The ability to manage power flow aids in integrating renewable energy sources into the grid, as well as optimizing the overall performance of the electrical network.

While other options touch on important aspects of power systems, they don't encompass the primary roles that substations specifically fulfill. For instance, regulating generator speed is primarily a function of generators themselves; transforming AC to DC power is typically achieved using rectifiers in converter stations, and ensuring safety, while critical, is more of an operational standard across all facilities rather than a primary function of a substation.